Purpose This study was designed to examine the effects of 8 weeks of circuit exercise training on blood lipids, insulin resistance, cardiovascular function, and metabolic syndrome risk factors in 40~50s male bus drivers. Methods Twenty-nine bus drivers were randomly assigned to one of two groups, i.e., circuit exercise training group (TR: n=14) and control group (CON: n=15). Subjects in TR participated in circuit exercise training 30-40 min per session, three sessions per week for 8 weeks, whereas subjects in CON were asked to maintain their normal life pattern for same intervention period. The variables regarding body composition, blood lipids, insulin resistance, cardiovascular function, and number of metabolic syndrome risk factors were measured and compared between two groups as well as between pre- and post-test. Data were analyzed using repeated two-way ANOVA with post hoc test. Results Main results of the present study were as follows: 1) Waist circumference, waist-hip ratio, body mass index, and percent body fat decreased significantly in TR. 2) LDL-C decreased and HDL-C increased significantly in TR. 3) Fasting plasma insulin and HOMA-IR decreased significantly in TR. 4) Regarding cardiovascular function, diastolic blood pressure and mean arterial pressure decreased significantly in both TR and CON. hs-CRP were not changed significantly; however, it tended to be decreased TR. 5) Number of metabolic syndrome risk factors decreased significantly in TR(2.86±0.86 to 1.50±0.76). Conclusions It was concluded that 8 weeks of circuit exercise training would be beneficial for improvement of blood lipid profiles and insulin resistance, resulting in preventing metabolic syndrome. In particular, it would be very clinically meaningful that number of metabolic syndrome risk factors decreased from 2.86±0.86 to 1.50±0.76 by the circuit exercise training.

The past few decades has seen increasing kinematic studies using surface electoromyography (EMG) in archery, however there has been no such specific study in Korean traditional archery. The purpose of this study was to evaluate EMGs during archery shooting motion in Korean traditional archers. Ten men Korean traditional archers were participated, and divided into two groups according to the shooting stance; parallel stance group(PSG, n=5) and oblique stance group(OSG, n=5). The surface EMGs were measured 12 muscles during shooting motion of five events including Junbi(Set), Geogung(Set up), Manjak(Full draw), Balsi(Release), Machigi(Ending). At the result, muscle activity of posterior deltoid, trapezius, rhomboid major, latissimus dorsi, biceps brachii, forearm extensor bundle, triceps brachii, levator scapulae significantly increased at event of full draw and release, then significantly decreased again at event of ending, respectively(p<.01, p<.001). The muscle activity of erector spinae(ES) was also significantly increased at event of full draw and release(p<.01, p<.001), while no significant changes in muscles of rectus abdominis, rectus femoris(RF), gluteus maximus. As a result of comparing PSG and OSG, muscle activity of RF in OSG was higher than PSG at event of release(p<.05), it remained until event of ending(p<.05). On the other hand, the higher the tension of the bow, the higher the muscle activity of the draw arm at event of release(p<.05). These results suggest that when Korean traditional archery shooting, both side arm and back muscles are more activated than the abdomen, leg and hip muscles. The parallel stance might suppress the muscle activity of the lower extremities to twist the upper body. And the higher bowstring tension needs to increase of muscle strength in BB of draw arm.

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PURPOSE This study reviews the operational status of the four courses that comprise the 'International Referee Development Program' in 2022 and 2023, analyzes participant satisfaction and feedback, and derives policy implications for the program’s future direction from the perspective of its operators. METHODS To achieve the study objectives, a literature review was conducted, survey items were developed, and expert meetings were held. RESULTS The four sub-courses within the 'International Referee Development Program' were analyzed by comparing modifications made between 2022 and 2023, evaluating satisfaction survey results, and identifying operational improvements. From the operators’ perspective, the study emphasized the urgency of conducting a comprehensive review of the scope of sports included in the referee development program, establishing clear evaluation criteria for selecting and monitoring focus areas, enforcing sanctions for dropouts under the current format and maximizing outcomes through long-term support. CONCLUSIONS It is expected that by establishing more macro-level and practical key performance indicators (KPIs) under the guidance of the Ministry of Culture, Sports, and Tourism and the Korea Sports Promotion Organization, the program’s continuity and direction will be maintained, even in the event of changes in responsible personnel.